Psychoanalysis Of Hamlet And Oedipus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Therapy Of Hamlet And Oedipus - Essay Example Sigmund Freud specifies that the curbed fascination may cause a type of psychodrama. This psychodrama has influenced Hamlet to the point of losing his detects. Also, Hamlet had lost enthusiasm for his better half Ophelia showing that his sexual fascination had moved to his mom. Sigmund Freud featured that children pulled in to their moms don't look for affection from different individuals from the general public. They have a conviction that their mom is the best. Notwithstanding, this doesn't occur deliberately. The oblivious brain, which bears these considerations, applies impact on the cognizant psyche. Hamlet’s fixation on the issues encompassing his mother’s remarriage constrained him to leave Ophelia totally inciting her to end it all. The way that Hamlet displayed extraordinary indignation towards his mom who had hitched Claudius, rather than concentrating on the retribution strategic, Freud to see the impacts of the Oedipus complex. Obviously, Sigmund Freud got a nalysis for his hypothesis of the Oedipus complex. Numerous researchers concentrated on leading therapy of the play after Freud related what had befallen Oedipus with the secrets encompassing the play Hamlet. The Oedipus complex is a stifled fascination in the oblivious psyche. Notwithstanding, there are cases when it gets excessively solid and uncovers itself. Young men are probably going to be envious of their dads in view of the quelled fascination. As featured above, both Hamlet and Oedipus delineated practices that served to discover that they were survivors of the Oedipus complex.

Employment Law Compliance Essay Example for Free

Business Law Compliance Essay Our customer, Bradley Stonefield, is wanting to open a limousine administration, Landslide Limousines, in the Austin, Texas zone. Mr. Stonefield plans to recruit roughly twenty-five individuals to give top of the line transportation to an assortment of customers. Prior to Mr. Stonefield starts recruiting it is basic that he has a comprehension of pertinent work laws. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) is a notable and broadly utilized government hostile to separation law (LaMance, n. d. ). Title VII make it illicit for businesses to victimize somebody dependent on their race, religion, national cause or sex (U. S. EEOC, 2014). The Act additionally made it illicit for managers to fight back against an individual who documents a grievance of separation or takes an interest in a segregation examination (U. S. EEOC, 2014). A business who disregards Title VII may end up exposed to various lawful outcomes, for example, paying enormous entireties for harms and being required to correct the company’s approaches (LaMance, n. d. ). To abstain from abusing Title VII Mr. Stonefield and his administrators should treat all workers and candidates similarly regardless of any attributes with the exception of occupation execution (HR Specialist, 2013). The Texas Payday Law covers all business elements in the province of Texas, paying little heed to measure aside from open bosses, for example, the state or government (TWC, 2013). This law gives the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) the position to uphold wage laws and explore wage claims (TWC, 2013). Texas Payday Law covers pay for administrations rendered, commissions and rewards, and certain other incidental advantages as indicated by a composed concurrence with or strategy of the business (TWC, 2013). The law expresses that businesses must compensation representatives for all hours worked and these wages must be gotten by the worker no later than payday (TWC, 2013). On the off chance that the business lays off, releases or terminates a worker they should pay all wages owed to that representative inside six schedule days of the date of division (TWC, 2013). On the off chance that a representative willfully stops or resigns their last installment of wages is because of them on the payday following the date of partition (TWC, 2013). In the event that a business abuses the Texas Payday Law they might be fined the lesser of the wages guaranteed or $1,000 (TWC, 2013). To abstain from abusing this law Mr. Stonefield should ensure that representatives are paid for all hours worked and that all wages due are paid to representatives on schedule. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act applies to all businesses that utilize at least twenty workers (U. S. EEOC, 2008). The Act expresses that it is â€Å"unlawful to victimize an individual in light of their age regarding any term, condition or benefit of business, including recruiting, terminating, advancement, cutback, remuneration, benefits, work assignments and training† (U. S. EEOC, 2008). Abusing the Age Discrimination in Employment Act can make the business bring about legitimate risk and require installment of enormous financial decisions (Mayfair, n. d. ). Mr. Stonefield and his administrators can abstain from damaging this Act by failing to take a person’s age or nearness to retirement into thought when settling on choices about employing, terminating, pay, advantages or advancements (HR Specialist, 2013). The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 forbids a business from purposely recruit, enroll or allude for pay any individual who is unapproved to work in the United States (Boston University, n. d. ). On the off chance that a business damages this law they can be fined from $100 to $1,000 and the fine isn't only for the business yet additionally for every representative working for them wrongfully (Boston University, n. d. ). There is likewise the chance of detainment for businesses that are esteemed to show an example of disregarding this Act (Boston University, n. d. ). To abstain from damaging the Immigration Reform and Control Act Mr. Stonefield must check the personality and work qualification of every representative he employs. He should finish and hold a total INS Form I-9 reporting this check (Boston University, n. d. ). End It is significant that Mr. Stonefield and his supervisory crew comprehend that work laws were passed so as to give security to the two representatives and businesses. That is the reason the administration puts such a great amount of accentuation on ensuring associations pay attention to them by authorizing the laws with exacting ramifications for rebelliousness. Remaining in consistence with these laws isn't just essential to keep away from legitimate punishments however will likewise shield the business from increasing a negative open picture that can be amazingly harming to their main concern.

Importance of Arts Essay Paper Example For Students

Significance of Arts Essay Paper Kids initially figure out how to react tastefully to their condition through touch, taste, sound and smell, and their regular interest proposes a requirement for tactile experience. Visual expressions instruction assists with creating tactile mindfulness. Every kid has a scope of insights and he/she needs an assortment of learning encounters so as to create them completely. Visual expressions exercises empower kids to understand and to communicate their reality in visual, substantial structure. The improvement of the kid can't be finished without uncovering her/him to craftsmanship and music particularly, which are the essential types of tasteful appreciation. Learning through expressions of the human experience Fosters coordination of an understudies tactile, intellectual, enthusiastic, and engine limits. For instance, hands-on materials and exercises can provoke understudies to move from the solid to the theoretical, and understudies can create thoughts. Is charming, satisfying and furthermore mentally thorough teaches, Stimulates and builds up the creative mind and basic reasoning, and refines intellectual and imaginative abilities. Grows fine engine abilities of kids. Rehashing stories, sonnets, and tunes reinforces memory. Help to level the learning field across financial limits. Reinforces critical thinking and basic reasoning abilities, expanding scholastic accomplishment. Gives a characteristic wellspring Of learning. Kid improvement authorities note that play is the matter of little youngsters; play is the manner in which kids advance and upgrade their turn of events. Expressions of the human experience are a most characteristic vehicle for play. Builds up a feeling of craftsmanship, quality undertaking execution, and objective setting aptitudes expected to prevail in the study hall. Shows kids fundamental abilities, for example, building up an educated discernment; articulating a dream; figuring out how to take care of issues and decide; building mythical being certainty and self-control; building up the capacity to envision what may be; and tolerating obligation to finish assignments run through and through. Sustains significant qualities, including group building abilities; regarding elective perspectives; and acknowledging and monitoring various societies and conventions. Give a characteristic vehicle through which understudies can investigate and communicate and find and decipher their general surroundings. Diminishes childrens negative perspectives toward school and create certainty and satisfaction as inspiration. Move assists work with motoring control, body connections, and an ability to know east from west. Drawing, chiseling, and other visual expressions create spatial keenness. Gathering exercises, for example, learning move steps or singing tunes, assemble social aptitudes. As youngsters depict individuals and things in their reality utilizing pictures, body minutes, and emulate, they improve their illustrative, nonverbal, intellectual capacities. Extend and develop the capacity to focus and powers of convergence of students, their capacity to tune in, watch intently, decipher what they see and empowers them to turn out to be progressively mindful and self-assured. Improves scholarly and enthusiastic advancement tot youngsters. Empowers imaginative and yeoman perspectives, immediacy, instinct and act of spontaneity. Create understudies capacity to think inventively and fundamentally. Support and animate the creative mind of understudies and assist them with picking up bits of knowledge into the overloud around them and to speak to their understandings in different manners. Urges them to face challenges, to tackle issues in innovative ways, and to attract on their cleverness to expand on new thoughts. Gives chances to separation of guidance and learning conditions. Recognize regular qualities, both tasteful and human, in different centerpieces, and increment their comprehension of others. Urge understudies to be capable and fundamentally proficient citizenry and residents of the world. Figure out how to move toward issues, make and present thoughts, musings, emotions and focuses see in new ways. Utilization of present and developing innovations (e. G. , video, sight and sound) is coordinated in the four teaches as methods for recording upgrading, conveying, and reconsidering thoughts. Develop their mindfulness and valuation for the idea of expressions of the human experience and comprehend what specialists, performers, on-screen characters, and artists do as people and as a network Help to reflect record, celebrate, and give to people in the future the munititions stockpile and aggregate stories, qualities, advancements, and conventions that make us interesting. Meet John Doe: Fighting for Social Integrity EssayAssessment Areas for evaluation would include: the childs capacity to pick and use materials, devices and media for a specific errand or venture, viably and with innovation the childs expressive utilization of visual media in organizations and in creating structure the nature of the childs reactions to craftsmanships, and his/her capacity to make associations between his/her own work and crafted by others the childs way to deal with and level of inclusion with an undertaking the childs commitment to assemble movement, Reflection understudies had the option to utilize scissors and paste appropriately without spilling. They cut UT shapes genuinely well. Papers were put on the tables to encourage cleaning. Be that as it may, for an arrangement, students need bunches of training and introduction. It was an agreeable encounter both for the instructor and the understudies. I realized the exercise would be evaluated, so I considered my instr ucting and arranged more. My introduction pulled in the understudies and terminated their creative mind. They focused and gave dynamic reaction. I felt better. Accept that planning is the way in to an effective exercise. End Creative Education frames some portion of the essential educational program yet it has been completely chosen, especially after Standard Ill, as a result of the COPE assessment. A standard and sufficient flexibly Of materials and devices is fundamental for expanding on staff intrigue and energy. It is likewise essential to anticipate auxiliary assets, for example, cleaning materials, drying offices and show and extra room. The information and abilities created in the investigation of expressions of the human experience can thusly be applied in numerous different undertakings. Addendum (Quotes on significance of Arts) expressions of the human experience can assume a pivotal job in improving understudies capacities to learn, on the grounds that they draw on a scope of insights and learning styles, not simply the semantic ND coherent numerical insights whereupon most schools are based. (Persuasive Evidence: Arts at the Core Of Learning, Presidents Committee on the Arts and Humanities, discussing Howard Gardeners Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 1995) The Physical and Sensory Impact Of Arts Education An understudy making music encounters the concurrent commitment of faculties, muscles, and astuteness. Cerebrum examines taken during amusing exhibitions show that essentially the whole cerebral cortex is dynamic while performers are playing. (Learning and the Arts: Crossing Boundaries, 2000, p. 14) Dramatic play, hymning games, and tunes are a portion of the language-rich exercises that manufacture pre-understanding abilities. (Little youngsters and the Arts: Making Creative Connection, 1 BIB, p. ) Preschoolers who were given music console exercises improved their spatial-worldly thinking Used for understanding connections between items, for example, computing an extent or playing chess, (Education Leadership, November, 1998, p. 38) Creative movement is likewise a source tot bliss and miracle, while it offers its understudies to contact, taste, hear, and see the world, Children are effectively influenced by narrating, music, move, and the visual expressions.

Distinction between Political and Economic Instruments of Foreign Policy - 1375 Words

Distinction between Political and Economic Instruments of Foreign Policy (Coursework Sample) Content: Distinction between Political and Economic Instruments of Foreign Policy Foreign policy has varied definitions to different people. According to Petric (2013), foreign policy is a systematic decision making process by authorised individuals of a given state that is aligned with the objectives of that state in dealing with other countries or group of countries. Political Instruments The main political instruments of Foreign Policy are mainly diplomacy, propaganda international alliances and treaties. Diplomacy Admittedly, the terms diplomacy and foreign policy are closely connected but they are not the same. Diplomacy is considered as an important element of foreign policy. Foreign policy is the strategic planning and formulation of a programme that is aimed at securing the goals of national interest, whereas diplomacy is the instrument through which foreign policy gets implemented abroad. One is the main issue while the other is the method of implementation (Gupta Shukra, 2009). Diplomacy is primarily a political instrument that is employed in maximizing the interests of governments and to pursue foreign policy objectives and goals. Its is regarded as the most common, peaceful and direct instrument of foreign policy (McGowan, Cornelissen, Nel, 2006). However, sometimes it is used coercively and most importantly and in most cases, diplomacy is often used together with other instruments to be effective. Diplomacy as a political instrument of foreign policy plays several important roles. First, diplomacy identifies the main objectives of a nation and its ability to fulfil the objectives. Secondly, diplomacy is employed in assessing the objectives of other nations and their abilities to fulfil those objectives. Thirdly, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the function of diplomacy to assess the compatibility of the objectives of these two or more states. Fourthly, diplomacy employs the best possible means in pursuing these objectives (International Relations Today, 2010). Diplomacy puts emphasis on relationships, mutual benefits, and concessions for the general good. Most importantly, it is a continuous process marked with repeated interactions and the process of learning from each other (Hutchings Suri, 2015).Diplomacy sometimes includes threats and coercions but mostly ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s about discussions and bargaining. Propaganda Propaganda is the systematic attempt to have an influence on the way of thinking and perception of a target group of people for a specified purpose. Over time, propaganda has assumed many forms such as speeches, artwork, music and films (Jowett O'Donnell, 2011). Though it is not used exclusively in a negative sense, propaganda quite often heavily lays the emphasis on the strong points of one particular group while at the same time suppressing or distorting facts. Propaganda is used as a political instrument of foreign policy. It involves the compilation and transmission of information that is linked to foreign policy and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s carried out by those who work in various organs involved in foreign policy more particularly those in the diplomatic arena (Petric, 2013). The main aim of propaganda is to influence the foreign policy and the public in the target country. The propaganda messages when applied as an instrument of foreign policy are intended to influence the public opinion of another country which in turn will influence that countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s decision on foreign policy. Propaganda can assume various forms; black, white and gray propaganda (Baran Davis, 2014). Black propaganda is deliberate and strategic dissemination of lies while misrepresenting the source of information as emanating from a trusted confidant of the targeted group, state or person. White propaganda deals with intentional suppression of contradictory ideas and information while at the same time promoting information that is highly consistent which supports the propagandistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ claims. Gray propaganda is the transmission of information that might be true or false, but deliberately avoiding to determine its validity as long as it serves the purpose. Therefore, propaganda has been used by many nations as an instrument of foreign policy. Alliances and International Treaties Forming alliances is another form of political instrument of foreign policy. Alliances are the means through which two or more nations come together, pooling their resources and powers with an aim of dealing with a given situation. Alliances can either assume an open form (publicly known), covert (secretly maintained), formal (managed by other creation bodies) or informal (absence of any structures). Admittedly, alliances have acted as sources of foreign policies, especially after the post war period (Jayapalan, 2001). However, some nations have opposed any alliances and their foreign policies are influenced by anti-alliances principles. The realization of the need of mutual inter-dependence has seen the rise in the number of international agreements and treaties. With this in mind, the foreign policies of most nations in such alliances are formulated consciously while balancing between those treaties and agreements that act in favour or against them. Many nations have come together because of the benefits package that come with the alliances. However, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s important also to note that most nations have come to a realization of the burdens of such alliances. Considerable economic, political and military resources is required in the management of such alliances. On one hand, the bigger nations feel that they are being over-exploited by the smaller nations based on the little contribution of these small nations to the alliance. On the other hand, the smaller nations feel deprived of their freedom of carrying out their wishes (Hastedt, 2014). Thus, alliances and international treaties are important political instruments of foreign policy. Economic Instruments The main economic instruments are foreign aid, foreign economic policy and economic sanctions as analysed below. Foreign Aid Foreign Aid is the voluntary and intentioned transfer of public resources, typically, from one government, non-governmental organization or international organization with the aim of improving the lives of the recipient government (Lancaster Van Dusen, 2005). Foreign Aid can assume different forms such as debt cancellations, cash grants or concessional loans. It can be used in funding of infrastructure, training and technical assistance of people and financing research. Foreign Aid is normally considered as a  non-coercive instrument of Foreign Policy that is geared towards economic, human and social development. However, in some cases, it has been employed in a coercive manner. The reception of aid is tied to certain policies of the donor which the recipient should adopt failure to which there is a threat of discontinuation or the ultimate discontinuation of the foreign aid. Foreign Economic and Trade Policy Trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries, and is considered as a crucial instrument of foreign policy. Similar to other foreign policy instruments, trade can be used in a cooperative manner, benefiting all concerned parties, or to coercively influence a foreign policy actor to behave in a particular manner. Trade policy has increasingly become multilateral shifting away from the past where it was  typically a bilateral ins...

The Outsiders Essay Response - 1527 Words

The Outsiders: Essay Response Demonstrate how the major events that take place in The Outsiders affect the values and attitudes of 3 main characters. The 1967 novel The Outsiders by S.E Hinton is about the social outcasts; the Greasers and their rivalry against the high class Socs. In the beginning of the book the characters values and attitudes are revealed to the reader through the point of view of Ponyboy. As the book progresses and the lives of the characters take a turn for the worse there is a significant impact on the characters resulting in an alteration of their values and attitudes. Ponyboy, Dally and Johnny experience these changes due to the death of Bob the Soc and the chain of events that follow. Ponyboy is the†¦show more content†¦This causes Dally to become reckless and finally ending in him being killed by the police, Ponyboy tells the reader â€Å"Dally Winston wanted to be dead and he always got what he wanted.† (p.187). From this the reader can gather how the events had modified Dally, creating a more emotional and caring character, weakening his value for himself and in return, strengthening his value for others. It’s obvious to the reader that Dally values violence, by the way he resorts to it to solve his problems, this value is reinforced because of the major events that take place in the novel. Through the actions Dally takes in The Outsiders, it seems that he enjoys engaging in violence. This is shown when he uses a switch blade to leave the hospital and fight in the rumble, even though his arm is still damaged. This is shown when Dally enthusiastically says to Pony, â€Å"Talked the nurse into it with Two-Bit’s switch. Don’t you know a rumble ain’t a rumble unless I’m in it?† (p.175). This attitude towards violence is only reinforced due to the death of Johnny, because of this Dally robs a store and in the end is killed by the police because of him pulling a gun on them. It’s revealed by Ponyboy that Dally’s gun was unloaded and that he has it to help a bluff (p. 186). Ponyboy also goes onto tell the readers, â€Å"He died violent and young and desperate.† (p. 187). It’s obvious Dally’s value for violence is reinforced due to the major events that tookShow MoreRelated Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): Reader Response Criticism2226 Words   |  9 PagesReader Response Criticism to Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider)  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Stranger (The Outsider), Albert Camus anticipates an active reader that will react to his text. He wants the reader to form a changing, dynamic opinion of Meursault. The reader can create a consciousness for Meursault from the facts that Meursault reports. By using vague and ambiguous language, Camus stimulates the reader to explore all possibilities of meaning. 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Racial Profiling History, Trends, And Evolution

Racial Profiling: History, Trends, Evolution Name Academic Institution Author Note Class Professor Date Racial Profiling: History, Trends, Evolution The issue of race has been a heated and emotional conflict since the founding of this country. Racial profiling is the act of assuming ideas or circumstances pertaining to a certain individual simply based on the color of his or her skin and the racial group to which he or she belongs. Even though the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in 1865, African Americans and others of non-white have still been treated as less than rightful citizens over the past 150 years. The news media is rife with stories of police aggression escalating when the person of interest is African American and African American men are three times more likely to be incarcerated than Caucasian men (Bonczar, 2003). One African-American man, Earl Sampson, in Miami Gardens, Florida reports that he has been stopped by the police 200 times, and 100 of these stops have resulted in arrests (Brekke, 2014). Sampson states that he has even been arrested for teresspassin g while working at his job at a local convenience store (Brekke, 2014). Despite his pleas that he was an employee and not a criminal, the police still dragged him into custody (Brekke, 2014). All of these instances of what Sampson is certain to be racial profiling have him afraid to walk around in his own neighborhood from the time he wakes up in the morning to the time heShow MoreRelatedPropaganda Throughout History2752 Words   |  12 Pagesforms of their public expression. Propaganda under this connation still exists, however it’s evolution over the centuries has ensured its survival in the most unassuming ways. 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Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ EffectiveRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesmarketing research Tools and Techniques of marketing research Applications of marketing research Preparation of marketing research report Online marketing E-commerce Trends in marketing Page No. Marketing management – an introduction Unit structure: 1. Introduction 2. Learning Objectives 3. Marketing Management 3.1. Evolution of marketing management 3.2. The Role of Marketing 3.3. Marketing concepts 3.4. The Marketing Mix (The 4 P s Of Marketing) 3.5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Professional Studies in Nursing for Hamper Patient-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Studies in Nursingfor Hamper Patient Safety. Answer: From the scenario 3, it is evident that it is case of wrong-patient medication error (Galanter et al., 2013). In the scenario, Sally gave wrong medication to Mrs Thompson in bed 3A that was intended for Mrs Thomas in bed 3B. This type of medication error during administration and transcription hamper patient safety. The medication was administered for a wrong patient with similar name. The medicines were vitamins and aperients; Sally gives the right medication to Mrs Thompson in bed 3A. Considering the whole scenario, it can be stated that Sallys approach of least said soonest mended was wrong. It is obvious that medical error can occur in nursing profession, however, as a healthcare professional, one has the responsibility to fulfil the requirement of Professional Code of Conduct and Ethics and not harm any patient. Although, Sally disclosed the medication error to the patient, it was her responsibility to report the incident to the concerned authority. Although, the error did not result in a potentially serious event, it was still an error. Under the Conduct Statement 2 of NMBA, Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia, nurses have the responsibility to work in accordance of enhancing patient safety under their provision of care (Nursing and midwifery board of Australia, 2018). They should perform competent and safe care related to quality and safety in healthcare. Incident reporting and health documentation is important for event analysis like medication error and open disclosure of procedures. Under the Value Statement 6 of NMBA, Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia, nurses have the responsibility to engage in promoting a culture of safety environment that reduce adverse events incidence and support open disclosure (Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia, 2017). Therefore, from the incident, it can be concluded that nurses have to act to prevent or control errors and adverse incidents in their clinical settings and reduce risk of harm. Apart from reporting of errors, nurses should also adhere to ethical principles of beneficence where they should undertake actions that prevent or remove errors ensuring patient safety. References Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia. (2018).5_New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-. Retrieved 7 March 2018, from https://file:///C:/Users/user00/Downloads/5_New-Code-of-Ethics-for-Nurses-August-2008%20(3).PDF Galanter, W., Falck, S., Burns, M., Laragh, M., Lambert, B. L. (2013). Indication-based prescribing prevents wrong-patient medication errors in computerized provider order entry (CPOE).Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,20(3), 477-481. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001555 Standard of practice, Nursing and midwifery board of Australia, (2018). Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia. Retrieved 7 March 2018, from https://file:///C:/Users/user00/Downloads/1798150_1830561517_Nursing-and-Midwifery-Board---.PDF

Presence of Erf in Arabian Sea free essay sample

â€Å"Whoever controls the Indian Ocean, dominates Asia. This Ocean is the key to seven seas. In the 21st century, the destiny of the world would be decided on its waters†[1]. Mahan Indian Ocean has played a very important role in the history as well as the fate of its littorals. Due to non-seafaring traditions of these littorals states, the Indian Ocean has always witnessed foreign invaders[2]. While in the past abundance of food along the rivers and minerals were a motivation, present day energy hungry nations has also found the region irresistible but perhaps in a different way than ancient invaders[3]. Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, viceroy of India in 1898 predicted that future great game would be played in Middle East (ME) and Central Asian Region (CAR)[4]. Countries having abundance of oil, more popularly known as black gold, exists in Arabian Sea, an indentation of Indian Ocean[5]. Many littorals are notorious for political instability and various other issues of great concern to major world powers[6]. We will write a custom essay sample on Presence of Erf in Arabian Sea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Persian Gulf has been so dear to US that President Nixon often described it as an American lake[7]. When British forces left Gulf in 1968, a vacuum was created in understanding the political system of Gulf countries and to utilise the historical knowledge efficiently[8]. Concerned that Soviet, who already had some influence in the region, would expand their circle of influence to warm waters ports and huge oil reserves of Gulf, US accepted the fact that Gulf region must be kept friendly to west[9]. Initially even US maintained a naval presence for the purpose of flag showing only but latter unpredictable events has compelled the US to review its foreign policy in Persian Gulf. This change in policy brought about a change in US naval strategy. The implementation of Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force brought a larger naval presence into the Gulf[10]. In 1980? s, during Iran – Iraq war, US further increased its naval presence in the area to provide protection to shipping emanating from Gulf. Initially the presence only was considered enough; however, latter the US navy resorted to escorting the ships from ports all the way till out of the Strait of Hormuz. US even reflagged Kuwaiti tankers for providing them naval escorts[11]. US is very well aware of the effects any disturbance in smooth flow of oil can cause for its economy. The fact that it was oil embargo of 1940 and concern for energy security that compelled Japan to attack on pearl harbour is fresh in the memories of US[12]. The world has already witnessed three famous oil shocks, during 1970 Afghanistan invasion by USSR, 1973 Arab oil embargo and 1979/80 Iran revolution[13]. Due to convergence of interests in ensuring security of cheap and affordable oil supply from Gulf, several countries have joined hands with US. It resulted in Coalition Maritime Campaign Plan (CMCP), led by US, consisting of more than 15 countries[14]. As a result, usually more then 50 foreign naval ships are always present in the region at any given time[15]. Such overwhelming presence of US forces is seen in different perspective by regional states. The paper discusses all the facts assuming that US will maintain its presence at least in near future and will devise a mechanism for ensuring energy security for all concerned through involving regional powers. This move by US may have certain very obvious implications for other regional states as no worth while military cooperation other than GCC exists in the region. CHAPTER II STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF ARABIAN SEA Atlantic and Pacific Oceans has witnessed several very formidable military coalitions in recent past. On the other hand, Indian Ocean has not so far developed an overreaching security system that could meet the challenges of maritime security[16]. Indian Ocean is situated between Atlantic and Pacific, thus serving as a natural transit lounge for most of the traffic from and to both these Oceans. Only one fifth of the total trade is conducted among the countries of the region and while 80% of the trade is extra regional (mainly crude oil to USA, Europe, China and Japan)[17]. Arabian Sea is a northern indentation of Indian Ocean, containing few of the world? s busiest waterways for commercial exchange of capital, commodities, goods and most importantly energy resources[18]. Littorals of Arabian Sea in the Persian Gulf region are blessed with huge quantities of critical energy supplies[19]. Fig 1: Proven Crude Oil Reserves[20] Developed world economies are most vulnerable to any shortage or disruption in the smooth flow of cheap oil esulting in price fluctuation, which could have devastating effects on their economies[21]. The Persian Gulf contains more than 700 billion barrels of the proven oil reserves, which are almost over half of the proven reserves whole world. Europe imports average of 2. 6 million barrels per day while US imports another 2. 5 million barrels per day fro m the Gulf region[22]. Fig 2: Net Oil Imports From Persian Gulf as a Percentage of Total Net Oil Imports[23] Several littoral states of Arabian Sea are unstable due to religious, political and ethnic divide. Most of these are Muslim states, which are also controlling extremely sensitive choke points transited regularly by tankers carrying oil supplies. Thus adding to worries of western states regarding security of energy supplies[24]. Similarly, as demands for raw materials are growing and resources shortages are expected, the growing economies are more concerned for security of supplies through any means[25]. The Arabian Sea is also unique in another respect where it holds two neighboring nuclear states, Pakistan and India, with host of unresolved disputes between them, which has often led to wars in the past as well. On the other hand, Iran, a major regional country designated as so-called evil state by US and is in pursuit of nuclear technology with other Gulf countries having ambitions to acquire the same[26]. The region also contains elements of political, ideological, economic, religious and military based insecurity[27]. The region has in its close proximity, Afghanistan, a breeding ground for terrorist and hub of Al-Quaida activities, Central Asian Region (CAR) the future hope of energy for the world[28]. Choke Points Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea waterways are most vulnerable at three very important choke points, Strait of Hormuz, Bab al-Mandab and Suez Canal, from which almost all the oil exports passes[29]. Being sensitive to source of oil from the region, major powers in the world has to be concerned with developments taking place in the Arabian Sea[30]. About 40 percent of the worlds oil supply is transported through Hormuz alone, the only shipping channel in and out of the Persian Gulf. The strait is 17 miles wide at its most narrow point and 120 miles long. Its inbound and outbound channels are each 2 miles across. The U-shaped strait is bordered to the south by Oman, an ally of the United States, and to the north by Iran, which President Bush has included in the â€Å"axis of evil†. Fig 3: Choke Points – Arabian Sea[31] The threat from submarines and mines has long been a concern to the American Navy in this choke point. On the other hand, the Suez Canal being controlled by a single, stable nation, Egypt, whose economy depends heavily on tolls collected through canal, have strong ties to the West and is considered more secure than other choke points. By contrast, Yemen, near Bab al Mandab, has been a refuge for Al-Quaida terrorist cells and is seen as poorly equipped to guard its waterways[32]. Pakistan’s Geo-Strategic Location and SLOCs of Arabian Sea Pakistan is situated at a geographic location that can play a very important role in Arabian Sea. With Pakistan? s western sea boundaries very close to Strait of Hormuz, and SLOCs for India, Far East Asia, China and Japan passing through her EEZ, it can have considerable influence in the security of smooth flow of oil supplies from Gulf and commercial commodities to Gulf. Similarly, Pakistan is also ideally located to provide warm water access to CAR for exploiting their mineral potentials by exporting it to markets all over the world[33]. Thus can act a bridge between CAR and rest of the world[34]. Fig 4: Oil Trade Routes[35] China is also looking for exploiting the access to Gulf through Pakistan using Silk Road. Pakistan with its recent status of Major Non NATO Ally to US is also ideally situated for providing access to US in approaching CAR oil reserves through proposed oil pipe line from CAR till Arabian Sea in order to diversify sources for US oil imports and GWOT[36]. CHAPTER III INTERESTS OF LITTORAL STATES Countries with several unique problems of their own surround Arabian Sea. It is a fact that although western countries have overwhelming interest in the energy resources of the region, consisting of majority of Muslim states that don not like them[37]. Ensuring a smooth oil supply has become a matter of â€Å"national security† for western world, particularly the US[38]. In the recent past, due to US led GWOT, issues of nuclear proliferation, anti-Israel sentiments and political instability the region has gained considerable importance. Along with the interests of external stakeholders, the littoral states have interests of their own, which are quite unique in nature. The paper will only discuss the interest of major internal stakeholders. Pakistan Pakistan is major Muslim State in the region, enjoying respects of other Muslim States, as it is considered as bulwark of Islam against its worldwide enemies[39]. Pakistan also regards the Arabian Sea as increasingly central to its security, a vulnerability exposed during US Tomahawk strike on Afghanistan[40]. Oil and its by-products is perhaps the most critical strategic commodity for Pakistan? survival[41]. Thus, Pakistan? s principle interest in the region is to ensure that its trade flows uninterrupted and is free of all kind of threats. At present, a US led coalition is vigorously pursuing GWOT with a real focus on this region. Pakistan being aware of the far-reaching changes taking place in the region in its area of interest joined GWOT. Thus, in the wake of 9/11 an d given the political environment in Balouchistan, Pakistan earnestly desires to keep Makran Coast free of activities that may support terrorism[42]. Active participation by PN in CMCP is a step in that direction[43]. US led war on terrorism in Afghanistan, heavily dependent on support from Pakistan, is also causing troubles for internal stability of the country. Due to US involvement, Northern Alliance has come to power in Afghanistan, a hostile government for Pakistan[44]. India has already opened six consulates in Afghanistan. Presence of NATO on doorstep also has long-term strategic effects on Pakistan. Consequently, for the first time in history, Pakistan deployed its troops in FATA and along the border of Afghanistan[45]. A hostile government in Afghanistan expose the vulnerability of Pakistan that it has due to absence of strategic depth[46]. US have always viewed possession of nuclear weapons by Pakistan with concern. As US struggle against WMD provides a justification to US for preemptive strike, therefore, US presence in the region, so close to Pakistani borders is of considerable concern[47]. A major strength possessed by Pakistan vis-a-vis India is its geographic location in Southeast Asia, near the Persian Gulf and CAR and astride the Indian Ocean sea-lanes[48]. With the development of Gwadar port, right at the mouth of Strait of Hormuz, Pakistan is also a leading option for CAR to have access to Arabian Sea for export of their raw materials to western markets at much cheaper rates as compared to other alternatives, a key impediment to India ever attaining clear regional dominance in South Asia[49]. Fig 5: Potential Cross-Border Gas Pipelines[50] India India considers area between Malacca and Hormuz Straits as its legitimate area of interest and have ambitious plans to dominate the region[51]. Indian goal of having a three fleet blue water navy to guard its vast sea frontiers is closely matched by an ambition of having a sea based second-strike capability[52]. Most recent important steps taken by New Delhi are its increasing interest in acquiring forward bases for its navy in Indian Ocean[53]. In 1954, India transferred control of Coco Island to Burma, while recently India has not only developed Andaman and Nicobar Island but is actively collaborating with Iran to establish a port at Chahbahar[54]. India? s growing interest in the region is also security of its oil supplies. With its rapid economic boom, India is dependent on cheap oil supplies from Gulf like never before. At present India is 7th largest consumer of primary energy in the world. However, its crude production share was 60% in 1988/89, 34% in 1998/99 and will be 10% in 2030. Therefore, country? s import dependence will increase to 94% in 2030[55]. India does not consider presence of US in the region as a threat but rather a source of comfort. Especially after developing strategic ties with US, India feels that their interests in the region are common as that of US[56]. Therefore, security issues for both are also interlinked. Also, after acquiring of reckonable sea power by India, other powers now understands that trade will not cross IO against a hostile Indian Navy[57]. Iran Iran seemingly aims to contest US presence in the region. Tehran? s effort to develop nuclear deterrence points in this direction. While being the third largest oil producing country, preserving its trade security is of paramount interest to Iran. Similarly, Iran also has the desire to influence Gulf region and is developing its navy to thwart any attempts by any aggression against its interests[58]. Iran has so far witnessed strained relations with other Gulf States but is on a path of improvement[59]. Iran also ahs the desire to provide a cheap route to CAR for their exports through Arabian Sea but its attempts has so not been successful owing to US in Afghanistan[60]. By virtue of being the guardian of Strait of Hormuz, controversial presence of Iran in Abu Musa Island is of extreme strategic importance[61]. With its significant arsenal of shore launched anti ship missiles, Iran can disrupt the smooth flow of traffic in the Strait of Hormuz during a conflict with an external power, an ability amply highlighted during Iran-Iraq war[62]. However, recently, Iran has been strongly advocating regional cooperation and can act as a bridge between Gulf – Indian Ocean region and CAR[63]. Gulf States Gulf counties are of great significance in the region due to large energy reserves they possess to feed developed economies[64]. Frightened by the challenge posed by the Iranian Revolution, the six Gulf States Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, and the UAE decided to form Gulf Cooperation Council in May 1981, which was viewed by Iran as an antiIranian Arab club, as it was an Arab and not a cross-cultural regional entity. However, Iran avoided dealing with the GCC as an entity, preferring to ignore its existence and to treat each country separately. While Kuwait openly embraces US security assistance and presence in the region, the UAE is the most cautious in its policies towards the US and the presence of US forces in the Gulf. A major reason for this cautionary position is that the UAE is Irancentric as much as Kuwait is Iraq centric. A complicating factor is that while federal leadership of UAE view Iran as a major threat to UAE, Dubai looks at it as a major commercial customer[65]. Between 1991 and 1994, all GCC States, with the sole exception of Saudi Arabia, signed security agreements with the US. These included joint exercises, access to ports and facilities, and pre-positioning of equipment[66]. Almost entire economy of Gulf States is related to energy reserves, security of which they cannot ensure[67]. The Gulf states are primarily concerned about the security of their oil fields as they know that SLOCs will be kept open by western powers, more dominatingly US, in order to safeguard their own interest[68]. However, with changing geopolitical situation, US is no longer comfortable with its relations with Gulf States. Differences are growing between US and Saudi Arabia, a linchpin of GCC, over several issues[69]. The situation has deteriorated to a level where a top Pentagon advisory board has declared Saudi Arabia as an enemy of US[70]. Fig 6: CHAPTER IV States – Part of GCC[71] INTERESTS OF EXTRA REGIONAL STATES Extra Regional States are mainly concerned with Arabian Sea for ensuring security of their energy supplies, which in turn means, the availability of energy at all times in various forms, in sufficient quantity and at affordable process. A policy discontinuity by OPEC and long-term failure to invest in production, transportation or processing capacity may have devastating effects on energy security from the region[72]. To secure oil from Gulf, US President Regan once said, â€Å"US must maintain maritime supremacy in area†[73]. It was threat to oil supplies that resulted in creation of Rapid Development Force by US President Carter. The same was major motivation for military action against Iraq in 1991[74] The region is infested with multiple problems ranging from sectarian violence, human smuggling, terrorism and political instability. US also view the leadership of the region as â€Å"politically immature, diplomatically inexperienced and ideologically unreliable†[80]. Saudi and Gulf citizens are also very sceptical that Gulf security depends on an alliance with west that will contain Iraq and Iran as well[81]. At present Gulf region provides 1/5th of the 11 million barrels of oil to US per day. Due to depletion of oil sources outside Gulf, by 2020 OPEC share is expected to reach 60% of world share[82]. Thus increasing the dependence of US on the region even further. Therefore, US always fear that radical Muslims may stop oil supplies to â€Å"western infidels† as and when required[83]. No country can have military presence, power projection capabilities or technology as US to protect resources of energy not only from Saudi Arabia but the ME as a whole and deny hostile states the ability to attack or blackmail exporting states[84]. The importance of oil for survival of US can be gauged with the simple fact that a US 10$ rise in the prices per barrel will cause a damage amounting to US 50$ billions to its economy[85]. The US, in control of the crucial oil resources in Iraq can easily use oil as a strategic lever vis-a-vis other countries such as China, as a continuation of its â€Å"Containment Policy† of China[86]. To achieve this crucial objective, US has spent a considerable amount of money and will therefore, utilise all means to gain profits from the region. Political Interests The US is focusing on two vital interests in the Middle East; first, the security of Israel, second protection of oil supplies to western allies and US. The security of Israel is clearly demonstrated during Arab-Israel wars, where US has provided unconditional, unlimited and unjustified support for Israel, using double standards[87]. The US western allies see US with drawl, being guarantor of the safety of oil transport shipping routes, as a major risk to security of their oil supplies[88]. US military presence in the Arabian Sea in general and specifically in the Gulf also serves a number of other US strategic national security goals, which are[89]: a. The security of oil supplies and reserves that exist within the territories controlled by Arab countries in the Gulf and the transit security of these supplies through the Gulf and other sea routes that are considered to be strategic choke points, e. g. the Suez Canal. b. The post-war shaping of a US-friendly Iraq. c. The containment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, China and potential future â€Å"regime change† actions in the region of ME. d. Support to the ongoing anti-terrorism campaign in and Afghanistan including stability of regime. e. Mutual support to the expanding US strategic presence in the oil rich region of the Caspian Sea and in CAR. f. g. h. Security of Israel against any type of threat. Nuclear proliferation in the region including elimination of WMD. Human smuggling and drug trafficking. Military Interests To support the security strategy for the Gulf, configured on â€Å"forward military presence†, to deter aggression and â€Å"crises response† in case deterrence fails, the US has deployed military assets off shore and on shore in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and the UAE[90]. In contrast to the pre-Gulf war period when forward presence was kept at low key in the form of â€Å"over the horizon† military presence in deference to the political and cultural sensitivities of the conservative Gulf States, US military presence today is far more visible, substantial and controversial[91]. A high visibility posture of US military personnel in the region is a sensitive matter to the majority conservative Muslim population. The public in Gulf, as in the rest of region, is fundamentally opposed to US policies in the region and regards them as antiMuslim[92]. US unwanted presence is also view with hostility by Afghans[93]. The present government formed under the umbrella of US is not consisting of justified representation according to population due to US interest. Now, if US leave, Afghanistan will surely face another civil war[94]. CHINA â€Å"Let china sleep, for when the dragon awakes, the world will tremble†[95]. Napoleon Bonaparte Economic Interests China? s economic development has been the top priority on Beijing? s national agenda since the late 1970s and will be the driving force behind its strategy toward the Arabian Sea in general and Persian Gulf region in particular, in the years ahead. The economic growth of the past two decades has spurred China? s growing demand for energy resources and China has emerged as a competitor to US in race for energy[96]. In 1990, China exported oil worth $2. 8 Billions to Japan and now half of China? s own oil need is met by imports from Gulf[97]. In response to dwindling domestic supply, China has turned to the Persian Gulf to satisfy the nation? s economic needs. As a result, energy security has become a central component of its national security[98]. At the same time, China? economic success has augmented its â€Å"comprehensive national power,† which in Chinese strategic thinking encompasses a broad range of economic, political, diplomatic, and military capabilities. Beijing has slowly maximized these hard-earned assets to exert its influence in the Gulf region. By 2020, China will be importing 60% oil and 30% gas from external sources making her economy severely dependant on energy supply region? s security[99]. Given Chin a? s longstanding insistence on self-reliance, the growing proportion of foreign-supplied oil, particularly from the Persian Gulf, triggers acute anxieties. China feels uncomfortable as tankers bringing oil for her travel through SLOCs dominated by external forces, especially US[100]. Political Interests Following the footsteps of USA, China is also expanding its base for imports of crucial oil supplies. To counter US containment policy, China is also looking forward to diversifying its energy sources all over the world. Chinese National Petroleum Company (CNPC) was ordered by government to buy 60% shares of Kazakhstan? s 3rd largest oil field and China also wishes to have 1250 miles long pipeline for oil and gas supplies till province of Xinjiang[101]. CNCP has also spent $8 Billions in 1998/99 for having concessions in Sudan, Venezuela, Iraq and Kazakhstan[102]. Presently, China is in process of striking important deals with Middle East countries. It has already signed a â€Å"Strategic Oil Partnership† with Saudi Arabia[103]. America? s unrivalled influence and substantial military presence in the Middle East represent a two-edged sword for China? s energy security. On the one hand, China benefits from the stability that U. S. military forces bring to the region without incurring any costs. On the other hand, Beijing fears that it could be held hostage to American threats to deny China? s access to oil during confrontations with the United States over other disputes[104]. With the rise of Chinese nationalism, the notion that the supply of oil could be subject to Washington? s goodwill irritate Beijing and adds to its insecurity. However, the practicality of an oil embargo is highly questionable. Cutting off oil supplies to a major power would be politically difficult to justify to the international community[105]. China is also devising a plan to ensure its energy security for the future and reduce dependence on this volatile region. Salient of plane are[106]: a. b. c. d. Maximising the domestic output of oil and gas. Diversity of sources. Invest in overseas oil and gas companies of Asia and ME. Construct infrastructure to bring oil and gas to own markets safely. Military Interests Despite all these measures, presently China could only continue to adjust to US power projection till the time it has developed a reasonable retaliatory capability[107]. The Chinese interest in the region is also because of ever increasing influence of India in the regional affairs. The newly struck deals between US and India for future strategic partnership in the region also concerns China, having stakes in the region. The Chinese attempts to acquire bases in Indian Ocean is an indicator of the same. Pakistan is a trusted ally of China and with Gwadar port becoming a reality, China will a much direct access to Arabian Sea instead of a long sea route passing from the regions dominated by US and Indian naval presence. China is also attempting to have some share for selling its military hardware to oil rich gulf states, presently dominated by western powers. Although at present the ingress of Chinese military hardware is negligible except for Iran, the same may change in future with Chinese technology advancing at a rapid pace. EUROPE UNION Economic Interests Europe depends heavily on oil imports from the Gulf, notwithstanding its efforts to diversify sources of energy supplies from North Africa, Russia, and the Atlantic Basin[108]. Indeed, the European market consumes most of Iran? oil and gas exports, and the same will be true for Iraqi energy exports once it is able to shed sanctions that have prevented the reconstruction of its heavily damaged oil infrastructure. Moreover, European dependence on Gulf energy supplies is likely to grow substantially over the next 10 to 15 years; particularly as North Sea oil and gas resources are depleted[109]. Fig 7: Gap Between Supply and Demand of Oil[110] Clo sely related to European energy imports from the Gulf is two-way trade between Europe and the region. Presently, neither Iraq nor Iran is a lucrative market for European goods, services and capital. Also, the European Union (EU) initiative to cultivate stronger economic relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states has yet to yield substantial dividends. Nonetheless, several European countries, notably the United Kingdom, France and Germany, are captivated by the long-term market potential this region[111]. In 2004 the EU exports to the GCC were around 40 billion pounds whereas its imports from the region were 25 billions pounds, thus providing a direct benefit of 15 billions pound in a single year[112]. Political Interests The United States and Europe share a number of common goals and interests in the region[113]. These include securing access to Persian Gulf oil supplies at reasonable prices; preventing the spread of terrorism and WMD; and fostering peace, stability and prosperity. Nonetheless, over the years some of the most acute tensions in the transatlantic relationship have stemmed from US and European disagreements in the Persian Gulf, especially over the most effective policies to achieve these goals[114]. The most contentious disputes have revolved around the American use of military force and the imposition of sanctions to moderate the behaviour of Iraq and Iran[115]. These differences are likely to persist, given the high stakes involved and the political, diplomatic and economic investments of both the US and Europe in the region. Military Interests European military interests in the region are mainly restricted to arms supplies. Huge European arms industry is in dire need of a lucrative market which can absorb relatively expansive European arms and that too in huge quantities. Although China is also trying to capture this market with its cheap weaponry but despite financial appeal, they do not provide level of sophistication that many Gulf States have come to expect. Pakistan has also been interested in western weapon systems since long and possesses quite a large number of sophisticated systems. Pakistan Navy in particular has been dependent upon western countries for smooth functioning of its fleet. However, due to a bitter experience after US sponsored sanctions, Pakistan Navy has also struck deals with China for surface ships and helos. More recently, India has also shifted its long-standing loyalty with Russian weapon systems and is now in active collaboration with western arms industry for several of its future projects[128]. PN and Presence of ERF in the Region Pakistan cannot afford to neglect its maritime effectiveness. For sustainable maritime growth, there is a need to address military and non-military threats to Pakistans maritime security. Present trends, changes and geopolitical situation imply that all challenges to Pakistans maritime interests should be dealt accordingly. Defending Pakistans maritime interests and safeguarding its ports and harbours have placed an enormous burden on the PN[129]. In order to meet future maritime security challenges of Pakistan the role of the PN needed to be enhanced in a way that it should be able to serve the strategy of defensive offence. Pakistan should modernise its Navy and be forward-looking in its vision. Pakistan should have a naval power commensurate with its role not only to defend its coast, but also act as a deterrent to any power intending to interfere and obstruct the flow of oil or gas or obstruct movement in the region[130]. PN will, therefore, be required to provide escorts to friendly shipping carrying strategic commodities. This primarily is defensive role but nonetheless of a strategic value for the country[131]. Compulsion of maintaining continuous presence in CMCP, essential in order to avoid over anxiety regarding ERF operations in Pakistani waters, is also taking a heavy toll on an already averaged PN fleet[132]. Therefore, Pakistan must immediately enhance PN surface fleet capabilities in order to meet the future challenges efficiently and effectively[133]. Failing to participate in CMCP and meeting the goals set by ERF in Arabian Sea in general and along the coastal belt of Pakistan in particular may compel US in inviting India for CMCP or worst case to ensure continuation of ERF agenda through its naval presence in the region. Indian Navy operating off Pakistani coast has self-evident implications for PN resulting again in maintaining a very comprehensive presence in the area in order to check Indian Naval activities[134]. Being part of an international collation and having chance to operate with modern navies is also benefiting PN in several ways. Few of the important aspects in this regard are as follows[135]: a. Intelligence sharing with US network. b. Sharing of recce/surveillance information. c. Maritime Interdiction Operations. d. Leadership Interdiction Operations against terrorist organisations. e. Doctrinal revision. f. Enhanced operational availability of PN units. g. Increased interaction with modern navies. h. Confidence to own mariners in international and Pakistani waters. j. Acknowledgement of PN professionalism. k. Material gains in the form of military support. l. Improving the image of PN w. r. its capability to ensure security in the region. CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION The concept of maritime security broadly revolves around political, economic, technological, environmental and military and non-military elements. Any threat to these elements poses a threat to the maritime interests of a particular nation. This growing economic dependence on sea and benefits of EEZ requires construction of a whole new set of modern infrastructure of ports, harbours, shipbuilding, offshore platforms, and advanced naval strength, which may not be possible for a smaller nation despite having adequate finances. Security of trade is of immense value for survival of all countries in Arabian Sea region. While major countries may see presence of ERF as a hindrance to freedom of operation by their navies in their legitimate area of interest, the freedom of navigation provided by ERF presence to all friendly shipping is viewed as a very positive step by smaller regional states. While several countries in the region are opposed to US policies, it is a fact that the overwhelming majority of them also oppose terrorism and the kind of political vision and government style as proposed and practised by Bin Laden and the Taliban. For as long as Gulf oil remains vital to the interests of the US and its allies, heavy presence of ERF in the region is to be expected. Sharing major maritime oil and gas fields with littoral Gulf States means that Iran and the Arab world have potential friction points. US military presence, especially naval and air force capabilities, in several of the Gulf countries is a critical check to Iranian ambitions and possible adventurism. In other words, there is no realistic end in the foreseeable future to US military engagement in the region. The vital interest the US has in the region, the desire of Gulf States to retain US military presence and the inability of Japan and European powers that depend on ME oil to project power for a long haul means that US will be the main player providing protection to all allies in future. Dream of having a NATO type organisation to ensure security interests of member countries in the region is still a long haul dream. Awareness is growing among the regional countries regarding the importance of an organisation like an Indian Ocean Regional Forum or a „Security Alliance for the Indian Ocean?. Headway is only possible through gradual evolution of trust and confidence among the stakeholders after the internal disputes are settled. (Word Count: 6210) BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES Books Commander Manoj Gupta, Maritime Affairs: Integrated Management for India, Manas Publications, New Delhi, 2005. Dana Priest, The Mission: Waging War and Keeping the Peace With America? s Military, W. W. Norton Co, New York, NY 2004. Ian Rutladge, Addicted to Oil, I. B Tauris Co Ltd, London, 2005. References: http://www.frontline.in/ http://www.persiangulfonline.org/

Sexual Abuse Essays - Rape, Sex Crimes, Sexual Abuse, Free Essays

Sexual Abuse Essays - Rape, Sex Crimes, Sexual Abuse, Free Essays Sexual Abuse Michael Stiefvater Sexual Abuse At one time I thought about how child sexual abuse was growing concern in our society. Stories and interviews on TV and in the paper would keep me aware, but I always thought about how it was always happening to everyone else. One figure that lingered around in my mind was that one in six children would be a victim of sexual abuse. Having six children of my own I thought of these statistics. Knocking on wood so to speak, until it happened in our family. Sexual abuse can destroy a family, especially when the perpetrator is considered a member of the family. It is frustrating when someone that is trusted betrays that trust. Family members become angry , divided and deny that anything is wrong. The effects on the victim is the toughest thing to deal with. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) defines child abuse and neglect as at a minimum, any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. Some states have exceptions, but the term child refers to someone not yet 18. Then CAPTA defines sexual abuse as: the employment, use, persuasion, inducement, enticement, or coercion of any child to engage in, or assist any other person to engage in, any sexual explicit conduct or simulation of such conduct for the purpose of producing a visual depiction of such conduct; or the rape, and in cases of caretaker or inter-familial relationships, statutory rape, molestation, prostitution, or any other form of sexual exploitation of children, or incest with children.

Dynamic Analysis of Malware Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dynamic Analysis of Malware - Research Paper Example A function comprises of a code that executes a certain task like creating a file or calculating factorial value of a number. In the use of functions easy code re-usability, and easier maintenance can result. The property that makes functions interesting for program analysis is that they are usually used to abstract from execution particulars to a semantically richer representation. For example, so long as the outcome corresponds to the sorted input, the particular algorithm which a sort function implements might not be essential. When it comes to analyzing code, such abstractions help in gaining an overview of the behavior of the program when analyzing a code. By intercepting these calls, one can monitor what functions are called by a program. Hooking is the process of intercepting function calls. A hook function is invoked when the analyzed program is manipulated in addition to the anticipated function (Hunt, Thomas, & Cunningham, 1999). Application Programming Interface (API) This hook function is responsible for putting into action the necessary analysis functionality like analyzing its input parameters or recording its stats to a log file. Application Programming Interface (API) are groups of functions that form a logical set of functionality, like communicating over the network or file manipulation. In most cases, operating systems provide several APIs that can be used by applications to perform familiar tasks and can be found on diverse layers of abstraction. The term API on windows OS, refers to a set of APIs which give access to varying functional groupings like system services, networking, management and security (Leyden, 2001). System Calls System calls is usually categorized into two, and it is the software execution on computer systems which run commodity of the shelf OS. These two categories are user-mode and kernel-mode. User-mode is used in executing general applications like image manipulation programs or word processors. The only code that is executed in kernel-mode has direct entry to the system state. This partition prohibits the user-mode process from interacting with the system and its environment. For example, since it is impossible to create or directly open a file for a user-space process, the operating system (OS) provides a unique well defined API-the system call interface. A user-mode application is able to request the OS to perform a small set of tasks on its behalf, by using system calls. A user-mode application has to invoke the precise system-call showing the file’s path, name and access method in order to create a file. As soon as the system call is invoked, it is changed into kernel-mode. The OS carries out the task on behalf of the user-mode applications when there are enough access rights for the desired action upon verification (Nick, 2006). Anubis Anubis is a critical component/tool which is used for studying/analyzing Windows PE-executable’s behavior, main focus being on malware analysis. Anubis execution results in the making of report files that have enough information, thus enabling a user to have a clear idea about the use and actions of the analyzed binary. The report has detailed data regarding enhancements made to the Windows registry or file system. This analysis relays on running and watching the binary in an emulated environment. The

The Company Law Review was a missed opportunity to implement a model Essay

The Company Law Review was a missed opportunity to implement a model of the company better adapted to contemporary challenges.Discuss with reference to S.172 of the Companies Act,2006 - Essay Example Auditors were in hand with management and their reports were misrepresenting. Thousands of innocent people have lost their savings and investments. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) conceived that businesses in general will benefit from the new measures put forward in the proposals. There will be greater clarity on directors duties to include more attention to the interests of shareholders, but can pay regard to the long as well as the short term, taking due account of the interests of employees, suppliers, consumers and the environment. (Company law reform: UK proposals published, Out-Law News, 18/03/2005, http://www.out-law.com/page-5438, accessed on 10th April, 2009) The duty which is laid down in section 172 substitutes the common law duty of dedication. This duty of the Directors is considered as the duty to act in good faith in the interests of the company. The new duty warrants action towards the success of the company. The promotion should be for the welfare of the members as a collective body: it should not be just for the sake of the shareholders. This duty on the part of the directors is: The Company Law Review considered the following major issues in their proposals restructuring those parts of company law most relevant to small businesses, making it easier for them to understand what they need to do. The main issues are: growths in recognized best practice’ in corporate governance,1 with the outcome that it is now difficult and time consuming for directors to find out precisely what is the law applicable to the companies. In 1998, the then Secretary of State for Trade and Industry determined that there should be an all-inclusive appraisal of company law. The Review was carried on by a Steering Group constituting experts from law, commerce, accountancy and academia, with the support of a generally based Consultative Group, and it brought out its concluding report in July 2001. The Government reacted to the Review Groups propositions

To Change Helmet Law with no exceptions Essay Example for Free

To Change Helmet Law with no exceptions Essay Motorcycle is a popular means of transport in United States of America. It is used either for sports or purely as a means of travel. In Law terms motorcycle is defined as a motor vehicle that has rider’s saddle designed to be moved on the land by less than three wheels. Just like any motor vehicle, motorcycle has devices that are meant to protect a rider from: strong wind, falling objects and injuries in case of an accident. Protective devices include jackets, special pants, helmets among others. Helmets are very important devices that protect the rider by reducing the impact in case of an accident. It protects the head, one of most important parts of the body that houses the brain, eyes, nose and other vital organs. Studies have shown that in case of an accident most of the riders who had helmets had none or had less serious injuries. This shows how vital this protective gear is, it’s a matter of life and death. It is not enough to just wear a helmet a rider should only use a gear that meets Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards to ensure maximum protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States motorcycle laws require that riders wear helmet but there are exceptions when it come to the age of a rider. States laws have the same exception clause for example in Florida if a rider is over 21 years of age one is exempted as long as he or she has a at least a medical insurance cover of 10,000 dollars while in Louisiana the law makes it optional for those who are over 18 years and has a proof of a medical cover of a at least 10,000. Some states such as Iowa and Illinois have no restriction as far as helmets are concerned. It is not mandatory to wear this protective device in these states. They leave it to the rider’s discretion to choose on whether a helmet will be part of their safety devices or not. (Adams J.G., 1983)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In   the September 1979 issue of Institute of Transportation Engineers journal Chang C.S states that laws recognize the importance of wearing helmets in protecting the riders against serious head injuries, but when it exempts some groups of people, their lives which it purports to protect are exposed from danger of their own making. These exceptions relaxes the law making it less effective in terms of safeguarding our safety at the same time entertaining violations since it is impossible to know whether one has fulfilled the conditions of age and personal accident cover unless thorough scrutiny is employed and in some cases an accident and probably death will have occurred.[34-8]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In spite of the fact that law requires people of minority age wear helmets, this age group is known to violate these rules and when an accident occurs they suffer serious head injuries which are in some cases fatal. At the same time accident knows no age boundary, riders who are over 18 years and in some states over 21 are prone to accidents. Therefore having exceptions on assumption that a person of majority age is either responsible or will ride cautiously is baseless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the motorcyclists who cruise on our highways at dangerous speeds are inexperienced and careless they not only put the lives of others in danger but theirs also. Since most of them are ignorant of their safety and so much in hurry, protective device will be the last thing in their mind but if some strict rules are put in place having no exemptions, the rider will stop and think about a helmet if not for protection to avoid rubbing the law enforcers the wrong way. This will go along way in reducing fatalities and permanent disabilities in our highways making them safer. Hurtunian N.S. et al [1983] in their article The economic of safety deregulation. noted that there are millions of motorcyclists in United States, this is enough to take some urgent measures and make our laws to safeguard their lives and make millions of others who directly depend on them have a peace of mind. [14] These policies were supposed to be in place yesterday meaning time is of essence, further delay indicates that many Americans will continue to die due to causes which are preventable. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report shows that more than 4000 motor riders died in United States roads in 2004, this figure represented an eight percent increase. Fatalities as result of motorcycles accidents account for five percent of all accidents in United States. If this is not enough to make our lawmakers take a step and put the necessary measures in place this figure can only move northwards.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dare, C.E. et al [1979] argues that since it is mandatory for every auto mobile using roads in United States to have safety belts. It is not stated that those who are of certain age are exempted from this rule, since motorcycles use the same highways it leaves no doubt in my mind that the same no exception rule should be applied to motorcyclist. Applying laws selectively only makes implementation difficult. Motorcyclist in Illinois and Iowa are at the same risk of injury and probably death as those in Texas.Harmonisation of policies requiring use of helmets for all will make this man made machine a safe vehicle for use regardless of age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is common knowledge that motorcycle account for only two percent of all the motor vehicles that use our roads yet in terms of fatal accidents involving them the figure is a worrying nine percent, surely something must be done here. All motorcyclists should be required to have this device whenever on ride and this should also apply to any other occupant. In states where policies have been strengthened requiring all rider use helmet there have been a significant drop in fatalities. Through implementation of laws in California exempting no one in 1992 there was a reduction in fatalities by thirty six percent. Relaxation of rules has had serious implication with Texas reporting decline in usage of helmet and increase in serious injuries and fatalities. Luna G.k. et al in the August 1981 edition of The Western Journal of Medicine emphasized that helmets can save lives and I truly agree with his sentiments and its high time that our policy makes understood this and change the laws in all our states requiring all to wear helmets and help reduce the motor accidents fatalities and serious head injuries [135-9] Work cited Chang, C.   A Cross cultural Classification of Effective Use of Helmets in motorcycle,   Ã‚   Accident Injuries, Institute of Transportation. Engineers Journal. September. 1981 Hurtunian N.S., Et al.   The Economics of Deregulation: Lives and Dollars Lost Due to    Repeal of Motorcycle Helmet Laws. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 1983 Dare, C. Et al. Effects of Motorcycle Safety Helmet Use on Injury Location and Severity:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before and After Helmet Law Repeal in Colorado. Institute of Transportation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engineers Journal, October. 1979; 14-18 Luna G.K. Et al. The role of helmets in Reducing Head injuries a From Motorcycle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accidents: Apolitical or Medical issue? The western Journal of medicine. August,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1981. Adams J.G, Public Safety legislation and the Risk compensation hypothesis of   Ã‚   Motorcycle helmet Legislation Environment and planning. 1983; 45-50

the car :: essays research papers

Title ] Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec FAQ/Strategy Guideâ„ ¢ [ Platform ] PlayStation 2â„ ¢ [ Version ] v1.01 [ Authors ] Brett "Nemesis" Franklin / OrochiJin - Tim Garza [ E-Mail ] nemesis@flipmode.com / ExScanner@yahoo.com [ Plug ] http://nemmysresource.cjb.net [ Updated ] August 26th, 2001 The-chart-that-shows-what's-in-this-FAQ: i. Legal Stuff ii. Updates/Revision History 01. Driving Techniques †¢ Car Information †¢ Ultimate Car Setup Guide †¢ Car Upgrading Tips †¢ How to earn fast cash 02. General Strategies 03. Simulation Mode †¢ Getting Started †¢ License Test Guide †¢ Quick Prize Guide †¢ Race / Prize List †¢ Tuning Information 04. Arcade Mode †¢ Tracks 05. FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) 06. Gameshark Codes =============================================================================== i. Legal Stuff =============================================================================== This FAQ can only appear on the following sites (w/out having to ask me): †¢ GameFAQS <www.gamefaqs.com> †¢ CoreMagazine <www.coremagazine.com> †¢ GameSages <www.gamesages.com> †¢ Vgstrategies.com <http://vgstrategies.about.com> †¢ GameShark.com <www.gameshark.com> †¢ FAQ Domain <http://nemmysresource.cjb.net> †¢ Happy Puppy <http://www.happypuppy.com> †¢ ZDNet/Videogames.com <http://www.videogames.com> ___________________________NOT WWW.FRESHBAKEDGAMES.COM_________________________ If anyone finds it on any other site or MegaGames.com, please inform me ASAP. E-Mail Address: nemesis@flipmode.com, ExScanner@yahoo.com Copyright:  © Copyright 2000-2001 Brett "Nemesis" Franklin and Tim Garza. This FAQ and everything included within this file cannot be reproduced in any way, shape or form (physical, electronical, or otherwise) aside from being placed on a freely-accessible, non-commercial web page in it's original, unedited and unaltered format. This FAQ cannot be used for profitable purposes (even if no money would be made from selling it) or promotional purposes. It cannot be used in any sort of commercial transaction. It cannot be given away as some sort of bonus, gift, etc., with a purchase as this creates incentive to buy and is therefore prohibited. =============================================================================== ii. Updates/Revision History =============================================================================== Version 1.01 (08/26/01) ------------------------- †¢ Added the Quick Prize List from Jeff Evans, which just lists each race and the car(s) you win from it. Very easy to use, thanks Jeff! Version 1.00 (08/19/01) ------------------------- †¢ Fully completed the "Race/Prize Guide", finally. Everything is now complete in the guide, save for a few things in the Arcade Mode section of the FAQ. I might add this stuff later, but it's doubtful. Version 0.57 (08/08/01) ------------------------- †¢ Added the Car List Sorted by Price Version 0.55 (07/28/01) ------------------------- †¢ Updated the Race/Prize List through Amatuer Mode Version 0.50 (07/23/01) ------------------------- †¢ Updated the "Ultimate Car Setups Guide" and updated the Race/Prize List Version 0.49 (07/20/01) ------------------------- †¢ Updated the "Ultimate Car Setups Guide" and updated the Race/Prize List, as well as the Arcade Mode section. Version 0.47 (07/18/01) ------------------------- †¢ Updated the "Ultimate Car Setups Guide" Version 0.46 (07/17/01) ------------------------- †¢ Updated the "Ultimate Car Setups Guide" and updated the Race/Prize List Version 0.45 (07/17/01) ------------------------- †¢ Updated the "Ultimate Car Setups Guide" with 4 new car setups, and added the Rally License Test guide Version 0.40 (07/17/01) ------------------------- †¢ Updated the "How To Win Fast Cash" section and the Race/Prize List

Product and Service Classifications

Product and service classifications Products and services wide range, whether for personal use or business. Tangible, intangible. Depend on function they serve. Can be raw, unfinished or final goods.Generally classified depending on domestic use (final) or conducting business (further processes) Organization, person, place and idea (IS) marketing POOP Organization marketing – Activities to sell the org Create, change, maintain the attitudes and behavior s of target consumers toward an organization Business firms sponsor advertising campaigns to improve image or market themselves to publics and stakeholders.Helps to market for free in media and improve investment confidence and improve sales from getting publicity Person marketing – Used to build reputation of people – recognized/business people. Create, change, maintain attitudes towards specific people. Make use of well- known people to represent products to help them sell. Egg Big razors with Tended Miterwort a ka â€Å"the Beast† Skillful marketing can turn person's name into a powerhouse brand.Egg Donald Trump and his self- titled products. Place marketing – Create, change, maintain attitudes toward specific places from local to international. Places are competing against each other for tourism business. Egg Tomorrow land in Belgium and Pizza in Spain both well- known party places of the world. Ideas marketing and social marketing can be general or specific The diffusion of notions which help market a product or service.It is more than advertising, it encourages the broad range use of marketing tools = all marketing strategies Like advertising that Colgate toothpaste is number 1 Part of this marketing is social marketing – process of planning campaigns that influence individual's behavior toward helping a society's well- being using marketing tools – all marketing tools 1) Benefits they want 2) Reducing barriers they're concerned about and BY offend BEEPER 3) The use of persuasion to motivate their participation in programmer activities.Social marketing makes use of campaigns to promote awareness, such as health campaigns for cancer, environmental campaigns for environment protection and others that promote equality and rights. Classified depending on the kind of consumers who use them. The distinction between the two is the purpose for buying the product. If a lawn mower is bought just for home use it is a consumer product. If bought for lawn mowing business it is an industrial product. Part 1 Consumer products are Prod and service bought for final consumption. Classified on how they are bought.CUSS – buying behavior, compare, cost, distribution, promotion frequency/method. Convenience P&S's are Bought frequently, immediately with minimal effort and without much pre purchase landing, info gathering or brand comparing. Except popular brand names, well known Egg – sweets, cigarettes, fast food. Are usually low priced, placed in locations that make them easily available when needed. (been in maturity stage for long time) egg coca cola Mass promotion – Low customer involvement Unsought P;S's Consumer don't know about or not think of buying or negative interest toward. Most new products on market are unsought.Egg life insurance or blood donations. Price varies, Distribution varies, Aggressive promoting by producer/reseller Shopping P;S's are pass Less frequently purchased products and services, higher price that customers compare carefully on price quality, suitability and style. Lots of time spent gathering info/comparing. Products distributed to few outlets, given info for comparison effort Egg Airline services, furniture. Advertising and personalized target selling by producer and reseller. Special itty As are Unique BRAND/characteristics ID = Loyalty. Certain groups willing to make special effort to get. Exclusive distribution and outlets to purchase, High price/low sensitivity cause of this do n't compare; invest only time needed to reach dealers carrying. Role/custom designed clothing. Specific targeting by producer/reseller Part 1 Industrial products are Products purchased for further processing or for use in conducting business Materials and Parts INPUTS/resources Price and service are the major marketing factors. Branding and advertising are less important. Raw materials consist of farm products such as livestock or fruit and Natural products such as wood and iron ore.Manufactured materials and parts consist of: Component materials like iron and cement and Component parts like motors and trees. Capital items PRODUCTIONS Aid in the buyer's production or operations, including installations and accessory equipment Installations consists of major purchases like building (factories and offices) and fixed equipment like (generators, large computer systems) Accessory equipment includes Portable factory equipment and tools such as tractors and hand tools Office equipment such as computers and office desks, they have shorter life than installations and aid in the production process.Supplies and services (business) sups ORBS services Bad m Supplies are the convenience products of the industrial field because purchased with minimum effort or comparison Operating supplies such as coal, paper, pencils Repair and maintenance items such as paint, nails and brooms Business services are services supplied under contract Include Maintenance and repair services such as carpet cleaning or computer repair. Business advisory services such as legal services or advertising.